Forging operations

• Upsetting

• Drawing down

• Heading

• Fullering

• Edging

Upsetting

• The process of shortening the length of the work piece or increasing the thickness and width (if the work piece is circular, then its diameter) on either side is named as upsetting.

Heading

• Heading operation is similar to upsetting operation, but the stock dimension is increased only on one end of the stock.

Fullering

• It is the operation of reducing the stock between the two ends of the stock at a central place, so as to increase its length. The inclined surface of the die prevents material movement in the width direction, because there is a pressure component acting in the direction of material flow. Repeated strokes with the stock rotated around its axis between strokes, allow substantial material redistribution.

Edging

• The process (edging or rolling operation) of distribute the metal longitudinally by moving the metal from the portion of the stock where it is in excess to the portio which is deficient in metal.

Drawing down or cogging

• It is an operation similar to fullering with the difference that the stock is reduced at only one end (and its length increased) instead of at a central place as in fullering.

Bending

• Bending operation makes the longitudinal axis of the stock in two or more place This operation is done after the stock has been edged or fullered, so that the stock is brought into a proper relation with the shape of the finishing impression.

Flattening

• This operation is used to flatten the stock so that it fits properly into the finishin impression of a closed die.

Blocking

• This operation which imparts to the forging its general but not exact or final shape. This is done just prior to finishing operation.

Cut-off

• A pair of blade, either milled in the corner of a pair of forging dies, or inserted in the dies, used to cut away a forging from the bar after the finishing blow.

Piercing

• It is the operation done with the help of a punch to obtain blind or through holes in the metal. The pierced billet is further processed.

Punching

• This is the operation of shearing out a slug in a forging to produce a hole.

Swaging

• It is the operation of reducing or changing the cross-section area of diameter by revolving the stock under fast impact blows.

Coining

• It is a cold closed die forging operation (no flash) to obtain closer tolerances and smoother surfaces.